Familial terms

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Prerequisites for this Turkish Vocabulary Lesson

Noun possession

-(n)ın/in/un/ün
-(s)ı/i/u/ü
benim, senin, onun

Everyone is a part of the family

One thing I love about Turkey is the culture of including everyone into part of the family. Strangers on the street call me “abi” (older brother) and I address others with similar familial terms. When addressing friends, acquaintances, and even strangers, the most common titles are terms for immediate family members: “abi” (older brother), “abla” (older sister) and “kardeş” (younger sibling). To address older women, the term “teyze” (maternal aunt) is often used. For older men, “amca” (paternal uncle) and “dayı” (maternal uncle) are both common terms. The terms for mother (“anne” or “ana”) and father (“baba”) can also be used for addressing older people, but this is less common.

What can make this difficult, however, is distinguishing between the times when people are talking about real family and when they are just talking about a friend. Not to mention all the different names for complicated family relations that we don’t have in English can be hard to keep straight. This article is here to help you with this. Below is a list of familial terms, what the standard meaning of the word is and when it can be applied to other people as well.

Immediate family

In the table below, you will see a list of the common words for the immediate family.

In addition to the basic terms, the term “üvey” can be added before an immediate family relation in order to indicate step relations. For example, the term for stepdad is “üvey baba.” This can also denote adoption without any blood relation.

In Turkish, people usually refer to their spouse using the generic term, “eş” (spouse) instead of the specific words, “koca” (husband) and “karı” (wife). Like many of the other familial terms, “eş” is almost always used with a possessive ending: “eşim” (my spouse).

Turkish	English	Less common terms
Eş	Spouse	Karı (wife), koca (husband), zevce (old term for wife)
Nişanlı	Fiancé (or fiancée)	Yavuklu (uncommon term)
Anne	Mother	Ana, anneciğim, valide
Baba	Father	Babacığım, buba (Aegean), peder, ata
Anne baba	Parents	Ebeveyn
Abi	Older brother (or any man)	Abiciğim, ağabey, ağa
Abla	Older sister (or any woman)	Ablacığım
Kardeş	Younger sibling (or any person the same age or younger)	Kardeşçiğim, gardaş
Erkek kardeş	Younger brother	Birader, bilader
Kız kardeş	Younger sister	Bacı (sister or servant), kız birader
Kız	Daughter (literally, “girl”)	Gız
Oğul	Son	Oğlan (used when discussing a child’s gender)
Çocuk	Child	Evlat

Extended family

In Turkish, there are a lot of terms for specific members of the extended family. This system of kinship terms is called the “descriptive system” or the Sudanese kinship system. The Turkish language does not have a category for “aunts” or “uncles,” but instead specific terms for maternal aunt, paternal aunt, etc. Likewise, the category of “cousin” (“kuzen,” borrowed from English) is a relatively new development in the Turkish language. It is common for people to use the more specific cousin terms, such as “amca oğlu” (paternal uncle’s son), “hala kızı” (paternal aunt’s daughter), etc.

As with the immediate family terms, the extended family terms also get used as a friendly way of addressing people you aren’t related to. The most common of these are “amca” (father’s brother), “dayı” (mother’s brother) and “teyze” (mother’s sister). “Nine” (grandmother) and “dede” (grandfather) are also sometimes used, but most people prefer to use the aunt or uncle terms in order to avoid implying that someone is old. In fact, many people avoid even these terms and call old men and women simply “abi” (older brother) or “abla” (older sister) even if they are the age of their parents.

Extended family chart

Extended family chart

Grandparents and Great Grandparents

Some Turkish speakers have different terms for their paternal grandfather (büyük baba) and maternal grandfather (dede), while others use these terms interchangeably. Dede is the more common term for grandfather.

Turkish	English	Less common terms
Nine	Grandmother (or elderly woman)	Nene, büyükanne, büyükana
Dede	Grandfather (or elderly man or ancestor)	Büyükbaba, büyük peder
Büyük dede	Great grandfather	Ata
Büyük nine	Great grandmother
Anneanne	Mother’s mother	Annanne
Babaanne	Father’s mother	Babanne

Aunts and Uncles

Turkish	English	Less common terms
Dayı	Mother’s brother (or any older man)	Dayıcığım
Teyze	Mother’s sister (or any older woman)	Teyzeciğim
Amca	Father’s brother (or any older man)	Amcacığım, emmi
Hala	Father’s sister	Halacığım, bibi

Cousins

Turkish	English	Less common terms
Kuzen	Cousin	Böle
Kuzin	Female cousin (older term)
Amca oğlu	Paternal uncle’s son	Emmi oğlu
Amca kızı	Paternal uncle’s daughter
Hala oğlu	Paternal aunt’s son
Hala kızı	Paternal aunt’s daughter
Dayı oğlu	Maternal uncle’s son
Dayı kızı	Maternal uncle’s daughter
Teyze oğlu	Maternal aunt’s son
Teyze kızı	Maternal aunt’s daughter

Other extended family terms

Turkish	English	Less common terms
Yeğen	Niece or nephew
Torun	Grandchild
Torunun oğlu	Great grandson
Torunun kızı	Great granddaughter

Family by marriage

Sister-in-law

Here are the different terms for sister-in-law in Turkish. Note that the term “yenge” (brother’s or uncle’s wife or fiancée) can also be used to refer to the wife or fiancée of any man. However, be careful how you use this term because it can easily be accidentally used to suggest that a relationship exists where one does not, which can be offensive.

Term	English	Other terms
Görümce	Husband’s sister
Baldız	Wife’s sister
Yenge	Brother’s or uncle’s wife or fiancée (either side) or more generally the wife of a blood relative. This can also be used to refer to a friend’s wife or fiancée.
Elti	Husband’s brother’s wife
Kaynının eşi	Wife’s brother’s wife	Kayınbiraderinin eşi, yenge

Brother-in-law

Here are the different terms for brother-in-law in Turkish. Note that unlike with sisters-in-law, the brother of a person’s husband is not distinguished with a different term from the brother of a person’s wife.

Term	English	Other terms
Kayınbirader	Spouse’s brother	Kayınbilader, kayınço, kayın
Enişte	Sister’s or aunt’s husband (either side), or more generally the husband of a blood relative
Bacanak	Wife’s sister’s husband	Baco
Görümcenin eşi	Husband’s sister’s husband	Enişte

Other in-laws

Term	English	Other terms
Kayınpeder	Spouse’s father	Kayınbaba, kayınata
Kayınvalide	Spouse’s mother	Kayınana, kaynana
Dünür	Child’s spouse’s parents, or more generally referring to a relative’s in-laws
Gelin	Daughter in law (or bride)
Damat	Son in law (or groom)	Güvey, iç güvey (term for man who lives in wife’s parent’s house)

Chart with in-laws (for men)

Extended chart with in-laws for men

Chart with in-laws (for women)

Extended chart with in-laws for women

The ‑çığım ending for showing affection

Often, the ending ‑çığım/çiğim/çuğum/çüğüm or ‑cığım/ciğim/cuğum/cüğüm is added to a family term or a person’s name. This ending combines the diminutive ‑çık ending with the first person possession ending ‑ım. When someone uses a ‑çığım form, it makes the statement personal. People use it to show affection to the person they are talking to. It can be added to any family term, but the least common one of these is the kardeşçiğim term, perhaps because it doesn’t roll off the tongue. Also, ‑çığım be used when addressing strangers, especially when shop owners and bazaar workers are being polite to customers.

Test your knowledge of Turkish family terms

Now that you’ve been introduced to all the family terms in Turkish, practice what you know with the vocabulary quiz.